فهرست مطالب:
1 External Ventricular Drain David F. Slottje, Nitesh V. Patel, and Ira Goldstein 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 1.3 Indications 1.3.1 ICP Monitoring 1.3.2 CSF Diversion 1.3.3 Intrathecal Access 1.4 Contraindications 1.4.1 Special Situations 1.5 Equipment 1.6 Technique 1.6.1 Preparation 1.6.2 Medications 1.6.3 Positioning/Equipment Setup 1.6.4 Procedure 1.6.5 Alternative Approaches 1.7 Complications 1.7.1 Infection 1.7.2 Hemorrhage 1.7.3 Upward Herniation 1.7.4 Aneurysm Re-rupture1.7.5 Motor Cortex Injury 1.7.6 Superior Sagittal Sinus Injury 1.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 1.8.1 Scalp Bleeding 1.8.2 Entry Site 1.8.3 Tunneling Direction 1.8.4 Fracture Lines/Cranial Defects 1.8.5 Ventricular Collapse 2 Shunt Tap and Shunt Externalization Yehuda Herschman 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 2.3 Indications—Shunt Tap 2.4 Contraindications—Shunt Tap 2.5 Equipment—Shunt Tap 2.6 Technique—Shunt Tap 2.6.1 Preparation 2.6.2 Medications 2.6.3 Positioning/Equipment Setup 2.6.4 Procedure 2.7 Indications—Shunt Externalization 2.8 Contraindications—Shunt Externalization 2.9 Equipment—Shunt Externalization 2.10 Technique—Shunt Externalization 2.10.1 Preparation 2.10.2 Medications 2.10.3 Positioning/Equipment Setup 2.10.4 Procedure2.11 Complications 2.11.1 Infection 2.11.2 Catheter Retraction 2.11.3 Air Lock of Shunt System 2.12 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 2.12.1 Inability to Tap Shunt Valve 2.12.2 Distal Catheter Resistance 2.12.3 Partial Retraction of the Shunt Catheter 3 Lumbar Puncture R. Nick Hernandez, Neil Majmundar, and Amna Sheikh 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Relevant Anatomy 3.2.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid 3.2.2 Lumbar Spine 3.3 Indications 3.3.1 Obtain a CSF Sample 3.3.2 Measure Pressure 3.3.3 Therapeutic Drainage 3.4 Contraindications 3.4.1 Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesion or Existing Brain Shift 3.4.2 Obstructive Hydrocephalus 3.4.3 Coagulopathy/Clotting Dysfunction/Bleeding Disorder 3.4.4 Insertion Site Infection 3.5 Equipment 3.6 Technique 3.6.1 Patient Positioning 3.6.2 Preparation3.6.3 Needle Insertion 3.6.4 Pressure Measurement 3.6.5 CSF Collection 3.6.6 Closure 3.7 Complications 3.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 4 Lumbar Drain Neil Majmundar, Gurkirat Kohli, R. Nick Hernandez, and Rachid Assina 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Relevant Anatomy/Physiology 4.3 Indications 4.3.1 Craniotomy 4.3.2 Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery 4.3.3 CSF Leak 4.3.4 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 4.3.5 Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery 4.3.6 Miscellaneous 4.4 Contraindications 4.4.1 Intracranial Mass Lesion 4.4.2 Obstructive Hydrocephalus 4.4.3 Skin Infection/Spinal Epidural Abscess 4.4.4 Coagulopathy/Thrombocytopenia/Anticoagulant Therapy 4.5 Equipment 4.6 Technique 4.6.1 Positioning and Equipment Setup 4.6.2 Procedure 4.7 Complications 4.7.1 Headache4.7.2 Cerebral Herniation 4.7.3 Infection 4.7.4 Retained Catheter 4.7.5 Spinal Cord Injury/Parethesia 4.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 4.8.1 Overdrainage 4.8.2 Catheter Shearing 4.8.3 No CSF Egress 4.8.4 Severe Pre-existing CSF Leak 4.9 Conclusion 5 Parenchymal Intracranial Pressure Monitor M. Omar Iqbal 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 5.3 Indications 5.3.1 Recommendations from the 4th Edition Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines 5.3.2 Recommendations from the Prior (3rd) Edition Not Supported by Evidence Meeting Current Standards 5.4 Contraindications 5.5 Equipment 5.6 Technique 5.6.1 Preparation 5.6.2 Medications 5.6.3 Positioning/Equipment Setup 5.6.4 Procedure 5.6.5 Postprocedure 5.7 Complications5.7.1 Infection 5.7.2 Hemorrhage 5.7.3 Motor Cortex Injury 5.7.4 Superior Sagittal Sinus Injury 5.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 5.8.1 Scalp Bleeding 5.8.2 Entry Site 5.8.3 Aberrant ICP Measurement 6 Brain Tissue Oxygenation: Procedural Steps and Clinical Utility Nitesh V. Patel, Matthew S. Parr, and John Kauffmann 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 6.2.1 Anatomic Considerations 6.2.2 Physiologic Principles 6.2.3 Devices 6.3 Indications 6.4 Contraindications 6.5 Equipment 6.5.1 Pre-Op Checklist and Equipment/Supplies 6.5.2 Sedation 6.6 Technique 6.6.1 Positioning 6.6.2 Incision Planning 6.6.3 Prep and Drape 6.6.4 Incision and Twist Drill 6.6.5 Dural Opening 6.6.6 Probe Placement and Securement 6.6.7 Connection to Monitoring System6.6.8 Closure and Dressing 6.6.9 Postprocedure Imaging 6.7 Complications 6.7.1 Hemorrhage 6.7.2 CSF Leak 6.7.3 Skull Fracture 6.7.4 Infection 6.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 6.8.1 Sedation Issues 6.8.2 Positioning Issues and Tips 6.8.3 Scalp Bleeding and Avoidance 6.8.4 Craniotomy Angulation and Tips 6.8.5 Dural Opening 6.8.6 Probe Pull-Out and Avoidance 6.9 Conclusion 7 Jugular Bulb Oxygen Monitor Amanda Carpenter and Brent Lewis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 7.3 Indications 7.4 Contraindications 7.5 Equipment 7.6 Technique 7.7 Complications 7.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 8 Central Line Ahmed M. Meleis and John W. Liang8.1 Introduction 8.2 Anatomy/Physiology 8.2.1 Subclavian Vein Anatomy 8.2.2 Internal Jugular Vein Anatomy 8.2.3 Femoral Vein Anatomy 8.3 Indications 8.4 Contraindications 8.5 Equipment 8.5.1 Catheter Types 8.6 Technique 8.6.1 Subclavian Vein Technique 8.6.2 Femoral Vein Technique 8.6.3 Internal Jugular Vein Technique 8.7 Complications 8.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 9 Arterial Line Irene Say, Celina Crisman, and Nitesh V. Patel 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Anatomy/Physiology 9.3 Indications 9.3.1 Measurement of Intra-arterial Blood Pressure 9.3.2 Arterial Access for Frequent Blood Sampling 9.4 Contraindications 9.5 Equipment 9.6 Technique 9.7 Complications9.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 10 Cervical Traction Michael Cohen, Irene Say, and Robert F. Heary 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 10.2.1 Cervical Spine Anatomy 10.2.2 Pathophysiology of Cervical Traction 10.3 Indications 10.3.1 Facet Dislocations 10.3.2 Displaced or Angulated Hangman’s Fractures 10.3.3 Displaced or Angulated Type II Odontoid Fractures 10.3.4 Rotary Atlantoaxial Subluxations 10.3.5 Subaxial Burst Fractures 10.4 Contraindications 10.5 Equipment 10.5.1 Gardner-Wells Tongs 10.5.2 Halo Ring 10.5.3 Modified Hospital Bed 10.5.4 Weight 10.5.5 Halo Vest 10.6 Technique 10.6.1 Patient Assessment 10.6.2 Tong Placement 10.6.3 Patient Positioning 10.6.4 Weight Application 10.6.5 Neurological Monitoring 10.6.6 Radiographic Assessment 10.7 Complications10.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 10.8.1 Resource Management 10.8.2 Halo Vest 10.8.3 Force Vector 10.8.4 Converting to Open Reduction and Internal Fixation 10.9 Conclusion 11 Intubation John W. Liang, Elena Solli, and David A. Wyler 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Relevant Anatomy/Physiology 11.3 Indications 11.3.1 Airway 11.3.2 Lung 11.3.3 Tissue 11.4 Contraindications (and Precautions) 11.4.1 General Assessment for Difficult Airway 11.5 Equipment 11.6 Technique 11.6.1 Using Direct Laryngoscope (the Curved Macintosh Blade or the Straight Miller Blade) 11.6.2 Using Video Laryngoscope (Glidescope)—“Down, Up, Down, Up” 11.6.3 Complications/Precautions 11.6.4 Difficult Airway Algorithm 11.6.5 Supraglottic Assist Devices 11.7 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 11.8 Special Circumstances 11.8.1 Intubation of Patients with Maxillofacial Injury 11.8.2 Intubation of Patients with Cervical Spine Trauma11.8.3 Intubation of Patients with Dislodged Tracheostomy Tube 11.8.4 Intubation of Patients Post Carotid Endarterectomy or Cervical Spine Surgery 11.8.5 Intubation of Patients Post Transphenoidal Surgery 11.8.6 Intubation of Patients with Moya-Moya 11.8.7 Intubation of Morbidly Obese Patients 12 Cricothyrotomy David F. Slottje, Adam D. Fox, and Matthew Vibbert 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 12.3 Indications 12.4 Contraindications 12.5 Equipment 12.6 Technique 12.6.1 Preparation 12.6.2 Medications 12.6.3 Positioning/Equipment Set-up 12.6.4 Procedure 12.7 Complications 12.7.1 Acute Complications 12.7.2 Delayed Complications 12.8 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting 12.8.1 Controlled Chaos 12.8.2 Time Management 12.8.3 Don’t Lose the Airway 13 Chest Tube Insertion Amna Sheikh and Amandeep S. Dolla 13.1 Introduction13.2 Relevant Anatomy/Physiology 13.3 Indications 13.3.1 Emergency Indications 13.3.2 Nonemergent Indications 13.4 Contraindications 13.5 Equipment 13.6 Technique 13.6.1 Preparation 13.6.2 Seldinger Technique 13.6.3 Standard Technique 13.7 Removal 13.7.1 Technique for Removal 13.8 Complications 13.9 Expert Suggestions/Troubleshooting Index
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